Winthrop s First Governor Of The Massachusetts Bay Colony

Winthrop was a well educated man who became the first governor of the Massachusetts Bay Colony. John Winthrop was a visionary utopian who saw fault in the English religious society. Winthrop called England, â€Å"Morally corrupt and over burdened with people,† however; Winthrop sought new land for his children and Christian followers. In 1630 John Winthrop began his â€Å"exodus with 900 migrants in search of a new land†. Winthrop envisioned a new colony that would reform the Christian society that he knew of in England. This Christian reformation was lead by Winthrop. Also, magistrates, and ministers helped develop the blueprint of the Massachusetts Bay Colony. John Winthrop’s overall goal was to help colonist work together for the greater good of the whole population. John Winthrop’s Sermon Upon reaching the new land, serious issues regarding community formation arose. The Puritans main concern was how they were going to create a community in the wilderness without each member separating off into different directions. A societal shift was necessary to preserve the unity of the colony. Magistrates and ministers had to convince the colonist that their personal salvation depended on the measure on their collective behavior. John Winthrop called his community, â€Å"A city upon a hill,† because he wanted to urge the colonist to re-conceptualize their differences, and sacrifice individuality in order to foster the greater good of the society. John Winthrop’s, â€Å"A Model of Christianity†Show MoreRelatedThe On Provence Of Massachusetts Bay Essay1256 Words   |  6 Pages Provence of Massachusetts Bay The history of the American government took a wide turn until the 50 states finally established. As before the United States was formed from a series of small colonies, also known as provinces. Massachusetts Bay, in particular, was one of these various settlements. Massachusetts Bay, present day Massachusetts was established in the year of 1630, its settlers composed of the Puritans from New England. Puritans, are the ones who wanted to â€Å"Purify† the Church of EnglandRead MoreJohn Winthrop s The Puritan1610 Words   |  7 PagesPuritan religion, one cannot love anything more than one loves God. In the case of John Winthrop, this edict became an issue. He did not want to abandon the Church of England as the separatists did, a decision which eventually led to the pilgrims starting their own new church. Winthrop wanted to purify the church; however, the government in England made this particularly hard and eventually this is what led to Winthrop leaving England for the New World to solve the Puritan Dilemma. The Puritan DilemmaRead MoreColonization Of The New World s Mission939 Words   |  4 PagesColonization is the act of setting up a colony away from one s place of origin† (Colonization, 2015) .The history of the colonization of Massachusetts and Georgia is very interesting both of these two colonies were founded under basically the same premises which were seeking a better life. However, there are some similarities and differences that are evident. The founders of the New World’s mission were freedom. However, their number reasoning was spiritual freedom. They were tired of the ChurchRead MoreVirginia And Massachusetts Settlement : Virginia1033 Words   |  5 PagesVirginia and Massachusetts Settlement Virginia had many failures and close calls, while Massachusetts had successful first settlements, smart decisions regarding food and planning made this possible. In 1607 colonist landed on the banks of Jamestown Virginia only to be greeted by disease causing mosquitoes. Did not had good leadership until John Smith and John Rolfe, while Massachusetts had John Winthrop who developed the settlement with success. The settlers of Virginia had The Jamestown NightmareRead MoreCultural Impact Of Puritans On The 18th And 18th Century1664 Words   |  7 Pagesthey could no longer be punished for it, while still clinging tightly to the essentials of Calvinism. This is where their journey starts, with the group of 900 that docked in the New World on June 12, 1630. Due to the group of Puritans lead by John Winthrop, we would eventually come to have an early American culture lead by strong austerity and obedience, and in time those that resulted from the downfall of this harsh society. In the ab sence of these strict settlers, we would not have such a strongRead MoreThe Religious Convictions Of The Puritans1170 Words   |  5 Pagesthey sought to purify and how to set up a new world in Massachusetts. First of all, let’s know who was John Winthrop? John Winthrop was one of the major leaders of the first Puritan settlement in the United States who became a deeply religious person as he matured into adulthood. He believed that his soul was specifically chosen by God to be saved, and this led him to become part of the Puritanical movement in England. Unfortunately for Winthrop, the ruling king at the time, Charles I, was very muchRead MoreEssay about The Success of the Massachusetts Bay Colony1523 Words   |  7 PagesIn the 1600’s, two colonies were establishing themselves on the east coast of North America. In 1607, a group of merchants, known as the Virginia Company, settled at Jamestown, Virginia on the Chesapeake Bay (Divine, 72); while Puritan leader John Winthrop, stationed himself and his followers at Massachusetts Bay in 1630. (Divine, 90) Although both settlements started off relatively the same, the greater success of one over the other has caused continuous debates between many, including the descendantsRead More Comparing Chesapeake and New England Bay Colonies Essay1343 Words   |  6 PagesComparing Chesapeake and New England Bay Colonies Curiosity and bravery led the English to discover the nations of America. These strong willed Europeans, determined to find to a new world, set out with high hopes and ambitions. Settling a variety of colonies along the coast of North America, the English were among the first true pioneers. After several expeditions and ships loads of emigrants, the English had a divergence of reasons for departing Europe for America. The settlers of theRead MoreJohn Calvin And The Protestant Reformation1462 Words   |  6 Pages Ch. 3: Settling the Northern Colonies (1619-1700) The Protestant Reformation Produces Puritanism King Henry VIII led the Protestant Reformation, but John Calvin was the one who really took protestantism further, which made the English leave England and go to America. -When Martin Luther posted the 95 theses, that led to the protestant reformation. -John Calvin was the leader of â€Å"Calvinism†, which focused on predestination. -Conversion was a religious event that placed you as either andRead MoreA Model Of Christian Charity1525 Words   |  7 PagesWilliam J. Diaz Prof. Lopez English 473 March 4, 2015 â€Å"TITLE† A Model of Christian Charity is a sermon, or more of a simple speech delivered by Winthrop in order to inspire his fellow Puritans who sailed in order to settle in the New England. This speech was given in order to keep them committed to their new settlement. It was most probably not intended to be a timeless piece of literature that it became later on. John Winthrop’s â€Å"A Model of Christian Charity† is also known as â€Å"A City on a Hill†

Importance of Customer Service Essay example - 578 Words

Importance of Customer Service Introduction Today’s organizations fail to realize the value of their customers when it comes to the success of their business. Without customer loyalty the success of your business will always be uncertain. Organizations must sensitively tailor the designs of a successful firm to the particular challenges of understanding, attracting, and keeping valuable customers. â€Å"Having satisfied customers just aren’t good enough†. Kenneth Blanchard and Sheldon Bowles, co-authors of Raving Fans, believe this concept is needed to have a successful business. I agree with this concept of customers being the focal point of any business. I would want more than just a satisfied customer; I want a â€Å"Raving Fan†.†¦show more content†¦Discover What the Customer Wants After creating your vision, try to discover what the customer wants or what their vision is. The customer will focus on just one or two things and it will be up to you to fill in the gap with your vision. You will then pick and choose which ideas you want to use to complete or build up your vision. Not every idea of the customer will be used or has to be used. Some ideas may not be feasible or even applicable to what you have envisioned. Deliver the Vision Plus One Percent This is where the vision becomes reality; make it happen just as you envisioned it. Work out the bugs and keep doing what ever it takes to make this vision come alive. Start out with something small that you know you can maintain and be consistent with it. Once you have mastered that idea, add to it, make it better by just one percent. Continue to do this with each new idea, always producing better ideas by one percent. This way the customer is not promised something that you will not deliver and you’re not promising something too big or complex to consistently follow through with. Consistency is critical; it creates credibility. Conclusion I have always believed customers are the focal point of any business. I found that having satisfied customers does not mean you are doing a good job. It may mean the customers are satisfied because their expectations are so low and there is no one else doing any better. HavingShow MoreRelatedImportance of customer service1014 Words   |  5 PagesIntroductionNowadays, many medium sized service companies have appeared in our market society. What factors have led them to success? Of course, the most important one is doing as best as they can on customer service. Customer service is not only a quick table wipe and a glass of ice water. There are many mechanisms to control it. In this essay, I am going to describe the importance of customer service, and then I am going to talk about how customer service works in the system. 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Case Study On Nivea For Men Click Now To Get Free Sample

Question: Expain Nivea - For Men Case Analysis? Answer: Introduction: Nivea is actually a Global brand for skin as well as body care products owned by a German firm named Beiersdorf. This company began in the year 1911 when Beiersdorf developed water in the oilemulsifier as a proper skin cream along with the excerpt.Beiersdorfis also amongst internationally leading firms for the skin care and it is even very close to all its consumer, as its offers them compelling, and highly innovative goods and services each time. Beiersdorf enjoys a universal trust right from the NIVEA, which is one amongst worlds largest and vast skin care goods brand, to some other globally successful brands like Eucerin, and La Prairie, plus Labello,8X4, as well as Hansaplast or Elastoplast. Along with above 125 years of skill and experience in the skin care field and being amongst the list of firms having worlds extra modern research and development centers, the firm Beiersdorfis known for all its innovative as well as high-quality goods plus cosmetic products (Ahmad, 2013). The Nivea cream also was first brought and introduced in the year 1911 and had more than some 14 different types of goods ranging from the one related to sun care till the one about facial moisturizers, and deodorant as well as shower products like shower gel and others. In the year 1980 Nivea also launched a product named NIVEA FOR MEN globally, and at this point it was extra popular among male because it did not include alcohol, which generally was thought to be irritating to the skin after men shaved. Are You Daunted by the Thought of due Case Study ? Avail Our Services and Receive Case study Help from experts. History The past of the firm NIVEA is also very much interesting. Its story started when the a pharmacist who was Hamburg-based named as Dr. Oskar Troplowitz combined water as well as oil into some stable cream which was later was achieved through using an emulsifier named as Eucerit. In same year, the same pharmacist introduced name as Nivea from Latin word niveus-that actually means snow-white. As the product was made only for men and there was no other product in the market Nivea enjoyed the privilege of first mover (Berkowitz and Berkowitz, 1992). In the year 1911 NIVEA Cream actually was born and it owes its total development to product named as Eucerit. Just after decades of the research carried there was another study done by Dr. Isaac Lifschutz and then he discovered such revolutionary emulsifier that meant to be a product which was by then available and which could get mixed with a lively substance, fat as well as water and would give out a very stable base intended for the ointment use. The extremely creative person Dr.Troplowitz of Beiersdorf Company utilized Eucerit, and discovered for medical field, as a base for totally new type of cosmetic which was called as NIVEA Cream. The brand Nivea had very brief slump within popularity in year 1920s as well as it underwent a very massive-launch. The outcome for this was that Nivea Crme, now most popular as face cream in world. Overall, Nivea brand presently holds some 203 number one posts all across its approximately 54 nation market. Discussion Describe plus evaluate usefulness of the two pieces of information and data that the firm NIVEA used while preparing the marketing plan for re-launch of Nivea For Men The NIVEA at that time brand was amongst the list of most recognized and well-known skin care as well as beauty products brands in world; it also was first to get introduced in the year 1911. There even were many of the reputed product and brands or bases utilized to market otherwise advertised such brand but owner seemed too look disappointed towards market otherwise advertisement of such brand (Bertelsen, 2012). There even were used and old market plans towards making this brand extra attractive as well as responsible for customers .Also several different strategies in fact were used towards preparation of marketing plan for the firm NIVEA. The initial one was through improving the formula used in products and next was to extend NIVEAS market towards men and try to attack new segment of the society by also launching new product range. In fact in some other words it can also be said that these two were the strategies that the firm used towards re-launching NIVEA and targeting the ma le segment. By using the two strategies this product of NIVEA got re-launched by firm. It also was used as the first data within this case (Bohm, 2009). NEVIA easily and without any hurdle re-launched its product through the two strategies otherwise plans or even the two pieces of information. Through re-launching the Quality the firm was also on the safer side and there even was no actual effect upon the quality. But then NEVIA took a step and continuously it made its quality extra perfect because it always wanted its user to be extensively satisfied and happy. This focus upon the product development mixed along with emphasis upon consumer requirements and needs was the key differentiator of NIVEA. Because they liked while using such product by the females, males must also have a brand loyalty along with NEVIA. Thus the firm took steps towards developing quality of product. They even extensively used SWOT PEST evaluation of the market towards re-launch otherwise towards development of quality of the product (Bryson, 1995). The firm also identified many strength, and weaknesses, opportunities as well as threats so that they would ea sily be prepared for the circumstances and thereby the problems would never last longer with the firm. The firm through past analysis was able to see the future and thereby got prepared for whatever was going to happen. This saved time and money for the firm and proved to be of great advantage (Cateora, 1983). Second piece of the data was used towards making the market plan as well as re-launching of NEVIA and was used towards looking at all target markets for attracting customers and making customers brand loyal to vast extent. The firm also used two different ways to make or advertised NEVIA. Above Line endorsement- It is even known as direct spending for an advertising that was also utilized by Nivea to sell its product. By this approach the firm, easily marketed product through T.V channels etc. Below the Line endorsement- Such endorsement also named as the indirect spending upon promotion was also used and TV channels otherwise commercials were used. They helped the firm reach good number of customers in less time and attain greater market share (Cohen, 1995). By the two ways all the customers were becoming extra knowledge as well as price aware, As NEVIA actually had the uncommon price otherwise lesser cost than other skin care products. There also were sales of the male skincare goods and even had vast share in market. But because of the lack of the benefits and advantage of ever altering social believes and attitudes, and men even were also becoming extra open, otherwise certainly less fighting to the facial products for skin care. After marketing or advertisement of NIVEA and use of above strategies the outcome demonstrated that within UK NIVEA also re-launched and met all its targets as well as this even built on brand plus firms strength towards taking advantages of enhancing change of the male attitudes towards use of skincare goods. When the firm wished to re-launch its brand, the product of the firm that was Nivea for men, the firm took use of the two data's like SWOT analysis plus a proper business plan (Collins, 1989). Marketing experts of the firm also laid down SMART objectives for Nivea that was meant for the firms product made for men and re-launch of the same. These objectives and the two pieces used were realistic, measurable, achievable, and specific and also time bounded. They helped the firm to abide by some definite rules and thereby helped Nivea to re-launch in better was. Analysis of past sales helped in forecasting future sales and analysis of the market helped to know and understand demands of people and their liking as well as dislikes. The brand through these plans and strategies stood as a good and reliable brand and made its place in minds and hearts of people. Nivea also developed the approaches it had used in the past and they proved to be beneficial ones for the firm because they were tested one and it was known that they would bring in success for the firm (Collins, 2001). Nivea enjoyed the place of market leader and use of the older strategies helped it save both time as well as money and thereby transfer the saved cost to the pole or the users which made it a cost leader as well. These plans and strategies helped the firm in building emotional connection with the buyers and thereby developed the firm and its reputation to vast extent. This helped the product Nivea made for men to re-launch itself successfully and attain a good market share. The overall sales, brand rating, image and also innovation capacity of the firm rose to greater extent (Dealtry, 1992). In a nutshell both the pieces of plans and strategies used by the firm were highly successful ones and they helped the firm in great works and attainment of success as well. Explain why the firm NIVEA used the football sponsorship towards helping in increase of its sales for NIVEA INTENDED FOR MEN? Any business requires setting all its general direction intended for the firm through a good and effective business plan. Such a plan would help the organization to set out the way in which the firm is to attain its objectives. The main aims plus objectives of the business informs as well as shapes its overall business plan. For the market as well as advertising of the product NIVEA also undertook certain steps towards some other paths of the marketing plan or else selected the proper target market, also while knowing relationships amid two plans like weather planning for market of the product or towards getting the good will within the market (Fang and Rogerson, n.d.). NIVEA also wanted to anyhow build a proper plus everlasting as well as good relationships plus even liked to maintain it and keep goodwill in market, thus it advertised its product to vast extent. Marketing team of the firm set goal otherwise objective for product of nivea named NIVEA FOR MEN which was also called a smart objective that was specific, measureable, and achievable as well as realistic. Also after creating a good relation with customers the product NIVEA which was intended towards men became a market leader for several nations and then consistently gained additional share in the market. Thus it could be said that customers had affinity with brand (Fine, 2009). This firm emphasized a lot on promotional activities to attain a promotional balance while launching the product via a proper mix of above line plus below line promotions to build stronger affinity for the brand and the product as well. Thus the firm used football sponsorship via which it created a good promotional balance on the both sides of the promotion that is ATL and BTL (Forster, 2002). Use of the sports ads was the main element for the firm which supports football event at grass roots via the partnership with the power league towards building a very positive relation with the mean as the product was targeted to the male segment. It even allowed brand to create plus maintain a proper as well as consistent dialogue along with the men that helped to drive the sales of the product. When owner of firm looked towards goodwill of company as well as wanted to market product, he took steps intended for extra publicity of quality of the product (Giles, 1990). The firm also choose football towards sponsorship for the brand because people in the nation loved this game plus they knew and understood that within those days the football was centre of attraction and in UK it was liked by people to the most extent and was an all time played game otherwise a game which was loved by citizens. Thats the firm knew that through this way the product NIVEA intended for men can properly and easily be marketed. Football being the most popular and loved game in the nation and was one that was watched by mostly men, the firm through football sponsorship attained special benefit and was able to capture better market share. The multimillion pound and a four year agreement or deal made the firm to become the first and foremost one to supply to the football team. Football association also unveiled its 2nd novel commercial partner within time of just a week following an announcement of a novel four-year agreement with the firm Nivea to become official mens grooming supplier to England football team. Many followers of the game got attracted to the cream as they saw the team members and the celebrities using the cream and advertising for the cream (Giles, 1985). The agreement with the football team simply meant that the firm will supply product of Nivea intended for men to the team members of the group which they would use in the changing rooms. Thus fans grooming routine would even change and benefit from association along with the football team via 3 lions crest Nivea for the men grooming sets. By above points it can easily be understood that the causes of the sponsorship with the football was to increase sale and it actually attained its aim very easily. The agreement or the sponsorship with Football Association meant that the product NIVEA FOR MEN would be supplying UK football team all the grooming products for changing room which would ultimately affect their fans as well as and the fans would also tend to buy the products of Nivea (Grunig, Kuhn and Kuhn, 2005). Fans grooming would also take place and they would be exposed to a new product. Nivea intended for Men also adopted idea otherwise concept of thefact that 'Preparation is everything' towards communicating all the benefits and advantages of looking after and taking care of ones skin with proper care regime. Nivea intended for Men also joined a Fiat like novel supplier partners towards football association following announcement of latter deal at end of the last week. Also besides football the firm Nivea for the p roduct Nivea intended for men was also promoting some other sports throughout the globe. The sponsorship provided the firm with several advantages and they were as follows: The firm was able to capture a good market share Nivea was capable of supplying products to football team The firm went for a celebrity endorsements which benefited the firm in many ways Rugby NIVEA FOR MEN within Dubai sponsored a big event, Dubai Rugby 7S within the year 2004 (Haines, 1995). The firm organized such types of events towards becoming popular amongst men; they also promoted their products and services along with help of such events. Through using these links with the sports, this product was capable to build very positive male brand image linked or associated with male facial and skin care goods. It also helps towards enhancing the sales for NIVEA which was intended towards men. This sponsorship brought in positive change within a very small time period (Holloway, 1986). Using case study set a proper SWOT analysis for NIVEAS position merely before re-launch of the NIVEA FOR MEN. NIVEA for its new product intended for men used the SWOT analysis towards helping itself to access market in a superior way. This also took a very detailed look and analysis of internal strengths as well as weaknesses of business plus the external opportunities as well as threats in market place (Hopkins, 1981). Strengths: As the firm for product named Nivea for the men was actually launched in the year 1998 and they created a very strong base within the market of UK. It also had a very strong recognition within the UKs market. The firm had extra confidence within itself and this helped the firm in the long run Re-launching was the best step undertaken by the firm The firm was capable of increasing its market share The firm identified much strength. NIVEA intended for men was UKs market leading product and was well known as facial plus skincare brand that also gave the firm a very strong recognition for the brand. The firm had a very sound economic base thus it had recourses towards putting together a very strong market promotion (Hussey, 1992) The firm had some staffs with relevant knowledge and skills researchers along with scientific skills towards developing product which men want as well as marketing staffs helped the firm with skills towards helping the product to promote such product effectively and efficiently. The firm had very strong research plus development department that helped the firm to bring in new product each time The firm was the first one to introduce a facial or beauty product for men, and thus enjoyed the privilege of the first comer in the market. The firms Nivea that was intended for men was the first cream in the market that did not contain alcohol, this helped the firm to advertise in better way and the firm capture good place in the buyers mind and heart. The firm had all the skills and knowledge of the market The tools used for analysis helped the firm to attain better knowledge of the market. The firm properly evaluated the market well. The firm had a good and well known brand name that helped the firm to get recognized in the market by the consumers (Kempf and Kreuzberg, n.d.) The good research team helped the firm to undertake new experiments and later bring out proper superior and novel product each time. Nivea was the first comer in the market of beauty products for men and thus enjoyed the market share and attained a better share as compared to competitors(Wood, 2003) Weaknesses: More brand for men needed to be aware about weaknesses that the firm had as a drawback. Risk for the target audience while the product range was still relevant otherwise not. The firm didnt know whether it had right sales plus distribution outlets otherwise not. The firm was unaware of the fact that its market research was updated otherwise not. The product was introduced in a very limited range and did not fulfil all the needs for men(Lamb, Hair and McDaniel, 2002) There were actually no properly set model intended for marketing plan within the Nivea intended for men particularly in the UK market, otherwise it could not have been taken some 10 years towards re-launching of the product again, they can also have done re-launching many years back which would have enhanced the share in the market. The firm did not have any specially designed outlet only for men The firm promoted the mens product along with the ladies product in the common outlet. The firm targeted mens segment but never attempted to promote the product specially to men Niveas re-launch of the product for men could have been done some days earlier so that the firm could have enjoyed the benefit quite early. The marketing plan did not build any plan for attainment of penetration in the market (Kotler and Armstrong, 1991). Opportunities: The enhancing and growing chances in the market was clear opportunity Better and specific outlets for only men could have been launched to attain better market share There was an increase in sales for the male beauty and skin care goods, thus there was vast opportunity towards re-launching product as well as making maximum benefit from it (Lindbo, 2013) There were competitors making such products, thus opening doors for maximum research and developments in the filed There were opportunities because men were getting opened to skin care and beauty brands and products as well (Wodarski and Dziegielewski, 2002). The firm wanted advantage of altering plus changing the social attitude and carry out. NIVEA FOR MEN also had seen very much increase within sales of the male skincare products as well as it wanted very greater share in the market. The firm wanted to attain a proper advantage of the ever changing social beliefs and attitudes (Luther, 2001). Men are actually not extra open otherwise certainly are less resistance towards facial skincare goods thus the firm needed to go for extra promotions and advertisements. Threats: The main risk was of competitors that they can enter market of beauty products for men which was needed to anyhow differentiate the product for ensuring that in very enhancing competitive market all its marketing activity and actions gave a very positive return otherwise investment regarding sales as well as profits. It was total new market for the firm and it was the first comer in the field so had no prior experience (Marketing Intelligence Planning Volume 10 Issue 8, 1992) Consumers were becoming extra knowledgeable as well as price conscious and they generally expected the sales promotions like discounts as well as offers. From all above points it can be easily understood that the SWOT Analysis merely before re-launch of the product of Nivea intended for men and the analysis helped the firm to attain a better and good market share and penetrate into the market in a superior way (Westwood, 1998). Discuss how efficient and effective was marketing plan made for NIVEA specifically for the product intended for men? It is known that NIVEA is actually amongst the most recognized and well-known skin plus beauty care products and brands in world, which was introduced within the year 1911 plus the NIVEA brand presently extends to some 14 goods ranges worldwide right from the sun care till the facial moisturizers and deodorant as well as shower products. The product NIVEA intended for men was a brand launched in UK in the year 1998. At this time the total yearly sales of the mens skincare goods in UK was just 68 million along with male facial goods sector that was worth just 7.3million pound (Mintzberg, 1994). The sales of the skin care goods have also grown steadily from launch of the Nivea for the men and market in the year 2008 was also worth over some 17 million along with the male facial goods worth about 49 million pound. The marketing plan was extra effective and efficient and also proved to be a helping hand for the firm (Westwood, 2011). The overall marketing plan outlined all the specific a ctivities and actions that the firm intended to carry out towards interest potential consumers as well as clients in the product otherwise services as well as persuade the consumers to buy the product plus services that the firm offered. This plan was developed like a standalone document and was a part and parcel of the business that helped the firm to maintain its reputation in the market. The firm was also able to communicate with the market in a better way through this plan and a good communication mix was developed and made and was used to interact with the market. Actually the whole plan was a proper blueprint for the communication and the value of the firms product to its consumers (New Strategic Plan, 2004). Effectiveness of marketing plan for the firms leadership status actually presented a very superior economic performance and trust plus reliability. Nivea had 15% market share in global skin care goods market and the plan enabled the firm to enhance the market share. This re-launching plan enabled the firm in several ways and they were as follows: Enhancing the market share Making people more aware about the product and the brand Enhancement in the brand image Reaching better number of customers (Payton, 1987). Attaining good market penetration in the market The re-launching was extra successful for the firm The firm was able to undergo proper research through the market plan The firm established new opportunities and the firm had many chances to undertake new tasks and make novel products(Thompson, 1984) The marketing team utilized the whole research data towards forecasting the market trend in the next 3 to 5 years which helped them to set all specific as well as general targets intended for enhancing sales as well as growing market and also improving whole brand image. It also wanted extra men buying the skincare goods. Also a main aim of the plan was to shift men from merely considering the skincare goods towards making the real purchase (Plesnicar and Zaletel-Kragelj, n.d.). It even aimed towards selling more too male than female and increasing market for mens beauty products. The plan also indicated that ladies were generally the initial buyer of skin care products than men. The firm thereby focused on the product development mixed with the emphasis upon the buyer need that was the main differential for the firm and the product designed for men. This was the main reason why within UK the whole brand was till date market leader for the male facial and skin care product. Advertisi ng within the mans style as well as fashion magazine and articles with the product sampling actually was a vital promotional tool intended for re-launching the Nivea product men (Pride and Ferrell, 2008). The firm used the plan as a path towards enhancing the opportunities for sales. It also used it as a means to develop the brand as an image for products made for men and targeting male segment. This brand always stood for its good quality and excellence and this plan maintained the image and did not ever hamper the image of the firm (Svensson, 2005). The brands core value and trust as well as credibility was properly maintained via this marketing plan which helped the firm in almost all aspects of business and marketing and enabled the firm to attain better success within the process of the re-launch. All the values of the firm was expanded and strengthened to get extra men as well as women get linked with the brand as thinking of Nivea as first and foremost choice of the beauty product (Ratnasingam, 2006). Also the plan enabled the firm to maintain a good budget without any loss to the firm and this proper budget took the firm to long way through the process as well as success. Both below line and above line promotional activities that were undertaken by the firm within the plan helped the firm to reflect on lifestyles of the buyers and brand recognition as well as the quality performance plus price being most significant factors that influenced the firm to differentiate it from the competitors. Sound economic base also enabled the firm to strongly compare it with rivals and thereby made extraordinary plans for the fir which helped to attain extraordinary success (Robins, 2003). The plan used two strategies and they were: To improve formulas for the product- that helped the firm in the process of research and development. To extend Nivea intended for men as a new product range- that enabled the firm to capturenew market withnew type of customers belonging to novel segment (Steiner, 1979). Conclusion Overall understanding- The whole marketing plan of the firm acted as a cycle which started and then ended up and gave the firm a good result. The general and overall conclusion of case study can be said that within UK, NIVEA which was intended towards Men was re-launched and it actually met its aims and targets. The marketing plan proved to be a vast success for the firm and was a vital achievement as well. Marketing plan intended for re-launch actually used two fields and they were past performance plus the forecast of future towards creating proper marketing strategy. With these two approaches the firm was capable of attaining success and enjoyed the market for above 20 years. Also Nivea with this plan became the market leader amongst face caregoods and cosmetics in about more than 24 nations. The firm attained all that it wanted and its strategy otherwise plan nowhere lacked and proved to be a vast support for Nivea in the re-launch that it underwent. NIVEA used its logo since the beginning, and thus fo r all the consumers it became very easy to consider and recognize logo. It also helped NIVEA towards creating a proper trust and good reliability of its goods and services. Though there were some drawbacks but the advantages and benefits attained after the re-launch actually covered all the gaps and made the firm attain better success. Success or failure- The data and information presented here prove that the re-launch was a vast success for the firm and also helped the firm to enhance the overall sales of the firms skin care goods. Also their rate of growth and global market share enhanced after this plan. The specific emphasis of the firm on Men helps it attain a new market share as well and being a cosmetic brand it became famous in the new segment also (STRATEGIC PLAN 1989: PLAN STRATEGIQUE 1989, 1989). References Ahmad, M. (2013). Marketing Case Studies and Swot Analysis. Saarbrucken: LAP LAMBERT Academic Publishing. Berkowitz, E. and Berkowitz, E. (1992). Marketing. Homewood, IL: Irwin. Bertelsen, B. (2012). Everything you need to know about SWOT analysis. [Newmarket, Ont.]: BrainMass Inc. Blythe, J. (2006). Marketing. London: SAGE Publications. Bohm, A. (2009). The SWOT Analysis. Munchen: GRIN Verlag. Bryson, J. (1995). Strategic planning for public and nonprofit organizations. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass Publishers. Cateora, P. (1983). International marketing. Homewood, Ill.: R.D. Irwin. Cohen, W. (1995). The marketing plan. New York: Wiley. Collins, D. (1989). Micro coring apparatus. Atlanta, Ga.: Georgia Institute of Technology, George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering. Collins, J. (2001). Good to great. New York, NY: HarperBusiness. Dealtry, T. (1992). Dynamic SWOT analysis. Birmingham (Prince's Corner, Harborne Park Road, Harborne, Birmingham. B17 0DE): Dynamic SWOT Associates. Fang, L. and Rogerson, R. (n.d.). Product Market Regulation and Market Work: A Benchmark Analysis. SSRN Journal. Fine, L. (2009). The SWOT analysis. [S.l.]: Kick It. Forster, P. (2002). Plan to survive or survive to plan?. Strat. Change, 11(8), pp.391-397. Frerichs, J. and Brexendorf, T. (2009). Eine Kosmetikmarke in Vietnam: Das Beispiel NIVEA. Marketing Review St. Gallen, 26(3), pp.46-51. Giles, G. (1990). Marketing. Pitman. Giles, W. (1985). Marketing Planning for Maximum Growth. Mrkting Intelligence Plan, 3(3), pp.4-104. Grunig, R., Kuhn, R. and Kuhn, R. (2005). Process-based strategic planning. Berlin: Springer. Haines, S. (1995). Successful strategic planning. Menlo Park, Calif.: Crisp Publications. Holloway, C. (1986). Strategic planning. Chicago: Nelson-Hall. Hopkins, D. (1981). The marketing plan. New York, N.Y.: Conference Board. Hussey, D. (1992). Evaluating a business plan. Strat. Change, 1(2), pp.93-100. Kempf, A. and Kreuzberg, K. (n.d.). Market Timing and Security Market Line Analysis. SSRN Journal. Kotler, P. and Armstrong, G. (1991). Principles of marketing. Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice Hall. Lamb, C., Hair, J. and McDaniel, C. (2002). Marketing. Cincinnati, Ohio: South-Western. Lindbo, D. (2013). Updating Our Strategic Plan. CSA News, 58(7), p.21. Luther, W. (2001). The marketing plan. New York: AMACOM. Marketing Intelligence Planning Volume 10 Issue 8. (1992). Mrkting Intelligence Plan, 10(8), pp.1-47. Marketing Intelligence Planning Volume 10 Issue 8. (1992). Mrkting Intelligence Plan, 10(8), pp.1-47. Mintzberg, H. (1994). The rise and fall of strategic planning. New York: Free Press. New Strategic Plan. (2004). NASN School Nurse, 19(6), pp.27-27. Payton, T. (1987). Towards Informed Marketing. Mrkting Intelligence Plan, 5(1), pp.28-33. Plesnicar, A. and Zaletel-Kragelj, L. (n.d.). SWOT analysis. Pride, W. and Ferrell, O. (2008). Marketing. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Co. Ratnasingam, P. (2006). SWOT analysis for B2C e-commerce. Hershey, PA: Idea Group Pub. Robins, F. (2003). The marketing of 3G. Mrkting Intelligence Plan, 21(6), pp.370-378. Sandhusen, R. (2000). Marketing. Hauppauge, N.Y.: Barron's. Steiner, G. (1979). Strategic planning. New York: Free Press. STRATEGIC PLAN 1989: PLAN STRATEGIQUE 1989. (1989). The Forestry Chronicle, 65(2), pp.121-132. Svensson, G. (2005). Ethnocentricity in top marketing journals. Mrkting Intelligence Plan, 23(5), pp.422-434. Thompson, M. (1984). Marketing plan. Westwood, J. (1998). The marketing plan. London: Kogan Page. Westwood, J. (2011). How to write a marketing plan. London: Kogan Page. Wodarski, J. and Dziegielewski, S. (2002). Human behavior and the social environment. New York, NY: Springer Pub. Wood, M. (2003). The marketing plan. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall. Zikmund, W. and D'Amico, M. (1989). Marketing. New York: Wiley. Zuckerman, A. (2005). Healthcare strategic planning. Chicago, Ill.: Health Administration Press.

Organizational Challenges and the Role of Leadership

Introduction The global economic recession, which began in 2007, emphasized the importance of leadership in modern organizations. Such scholar as Warren Bennis argues that these challenges can force educators and managers to reconsider their understanding of leadership if they want to better respond to various challenges (2007, p. 1).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Organizational Challenges and the Role of Leadership specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More These individuals will have to change their attitude toward communication, decision-making, and structure of their organizations. There are numerous definitions of this concept; overall, it can be understood as the ability to influence and inspire other people and make them committed to ones ideas and strategies (Northouse 2009, p. 5). Many researchers such as Penny Tamkin and Stephen Overell believe that post-recession leaders will have to meet much higher standards in order to sustain their companies during this recession (2009, p. 1). Furthermore, special attention should be paid to negotiation strategies since they are an integral element of leadership and have to reflect the interest of an entire organization. This paper is aimed at analyzing the impacts of economic recession on leadership theory and practice. In particular, it is necessary to single out those aspects of leadership and negotiations practices which become important during this crisis. Economic crisis and its impact on leadership Overall, the ongoing economic recession prompted many people to reconsider modern definition of leadership and leaders. Many corporate executives as well as educators understood this term as the exercise of power and authority within hierarchical structure of the organization (Tamkin Overell 2009, p. 8). Yet, this strictly functional interpretation of this concept overlooks the responsibilities of leaders and their roles. The fallacy of this defini tion has been eloquently illustrated by numerous corporate scandals which broke out during the recession. It has become apparent that many corporate executives failed to take into account the interest of different stakeholders, especially investors, customers, and employees. This crisis showed that some foundational principles of should be reevaluated. This is one of the reasons why a group of scholars under the guidance of Craig Perrin suggested a new model for evaluating the work of leaders. Their framework singles out several aspects or â€Å"zones† of leadership, namely 1) people; 2) society; 3) business; 4) reflection, and 5) ingenuity (Perrin et al, n.d. p.6).Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More There are several peculiarities of this model. First of all, it expands the range of a leader’s responsibility. This person has to be accountable to shareholders, emp loyees, and community. This responsibility and accountability were often overlooked by corporate executives before the recession. The second principle is that he/she should be aware about the incompleteness of his/her knowledge (Perrin et al, n.d. p.8). Although this recommendation may appear to be self-evident, it is particularly relevant in the light of economic crisis which was largely caused by irresponsible managerial policies and complete confidences in ones knowledge and decision-making skills. Additionally, this zonal approach to leadership attaches great importance to ingenuity and innovation. According to Perrin et al, the efforts of corporate executives were focused on the preservation of status quo and gaining short-term profits. As a result, their organizations were unable to respond to challenges such as economic recession. It is worth mentioning that many managers attempted to predict and measure specific risks to which their organizations were exposed. This is why th ese organizations were unable to respond to various economic, social, and technological changes. Thus, the ability of leaders to adapt quickly to changing environment becomes crucial during the time of turmoil. In addition, many practitioners and scholars indicate that a leader should be able to see opportunities for the organization and explore them (Tamkin Overell 2009, p. 18). In other words, this person should have a vision of how the company can grow in the long term (Ihlenfeldt 2011). Unfortunately, this aspect has often been neglected executives. To some degree, the ideas of these scholars are supported by corporate leaders whose companies survived the recession. For instance, one can mention Herbert Henkel who restructured the company Ingersoll Rand, developed contingency plans, and reduced inventory long before the recession (Carey, Patsalos-Fox, Useem 2009, p. 2). His ideas were highly unpopular, and many people believed that he had been almost incompetent. Yet, his poli cies helped the company sustain itself during the crisis. His example indicates that a leader should have the courage to do the unpopular thing. Moreover, he should be able to see the challenges which an organization can face.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Organizational Challenges and the Role of Leadership specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The crisis has shown that autocratic management is not the most effective way of leadership because it essentially slows down the exchange of information and decision-making within the company. A good leader is a person who can empower other people (Tamkin Overell 2009, p. 18). To better illustrate this point, we can mention Eric Foss who is the CEO of Pepsi Bottling Group. This corporate leader emphasized the importance of involving board into decision-making (Carey, Patsalos-Fox, Useem 2009, p.5). This cooperation enabled the company to see the magnitude of oncoming rec ession and work out contingency plans. Responsibility and integrity can also be viewed as an attributes of leadership. They can be the key to the survival of a company. In this case, one can mention Terry Lundgren, the CEO of a retailing company Macy. Inc. He warned both investors and employees about future crisis and this helped him gain the trust of these people (Carey, Patsalos-Fox, Useem 2009, p.6). He preferred to say something very unpopular, but in this way he averted panic among investors and workers. Overall, corporate managers described in this paper preferred democratic style of leadership. Similarly, we can mention the companies which failed during recession. One of them is Lehman Brothers. Its executives lacked the qualities typical of leaders, especially integrity and sense of responsibility toward investors and employees. Moreover, they preferred autocratic style of leadership. There are numerous theories and models of leadership, for instance, one can mention trait theory, transformational leadership, role models approach, style theory, and so forth. They describe the character traits of a leader and his/her behavior (Ephross Vassil 2005, p. 53). It is rather difficult to say that the economic recession called a dramatically new approach. Yet, these challenge demonstrated that leadership should be closely tied to such things as social responsibility, ability to innovate and make organization more agile, empowerment of other people, and understanding of ones limitations. These are the main concepts that were highlighted by the recession.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Negotiations concepts and economic recession Negotiation is one of the most important activities in which leaders participate. Such researchers as Chia-Jung Tsay and Max Bazerman point out that very often corporate executives prove to be extremely egocentric and overconfident (2009, p. 7); as a result, they disregard the interests of other stakeholders. Additionally, these scholars identify another fallacy which leaders should definitely avoid, and it is motivated illusion (Tsay Bazerman 2009, p. 8). The thing is that many senior executives tend to be over-confident in their ability to control events which can hardly be predicted (Tsay Bazerman 2009, p. 8). The recent economic recession highlighted these errors. It demonstrated that many corporate leaders were over-confident and egocentric. Therefore, they endangered their companies. Overall, a person, who takes part in the process of negotiations, must know his/her limitations, especially if we are speaking about knowledge and co ntrol. Otherwise, negotiations will essentially be fruitless. Thus, a leader, who takes part in negotiations, should avoid cognitive biases which prevent him/her from taking irresponsible decisions. On the whole, negotiation is an inseparable component of leadership. Those people, who are responsible for the management of different organizations, can negotiate with their business partners, competitors, colleagues, and so forth (Lewicki Hiam 2006). Additionally, the process of negotiations should certainly reflect the interests of the main stakeholders. Unfortunately, very often it is driven primarily by ambitions of corporate executives, willingness to achieve short-term gains (Silkenat, Aresty Klosek 2009). The leaders should represent the entire organizations. Therefore, they need to think about the effect of negotiations which is dependent on their company. Thus, managers and leaders should focus on intellectual and ethical elements of negotiation since they are equally necessa ry for the success. Again, the significance of ethical and intellectual elements was emphasized by the crisis which was caused by unscrupulous business policies, orientation toward short-term results, and the belief in ones infallibility. These pitfalls have to be overcome by modern leaders. Conclusion Recession is one of those organizational challenges which prompt leaders to display their best qualities in order to sustain their companies. The failure of many executives to cope with their duties calls for a new type of leadership. It is possible to single out several elements of leadership, in particular, vision, social responsibility, empowerment of other people, willingness to improve ones professional qualities. These elements are essential for the sustainability of profit and non-profit organizations. This essay has touched upon negotiations as an important element of leadership. This activity has to reflect the interests of various stakeholders can effect the organization. Th e changes notion of leadership can have significance implication for the training of future business administrators. Moreover, it can affect the policies of different organizations. References Bennis, W. 2007, ‘The Challenges of Leadership in the Modern World’, American Psychologists, vol. 62, no. 1, pp. 2-5. Web. Carey, D., Patsalos-Fox, M. Useem, M. 2009, ‘Leadership lessons for hard times’, McKinsey Quarterly, pp. 1-9. Web. Ephross, P. Vassil, T. 2005, Groups that work: Structure and process, Columbia University Press, NY. Ihlenfeldt, W. 2011, Visionary Leadership: A Proven Pathway to Visionary Change, AuthorHouse, NY. Lewicki, R. Hiam, A 2006, Mastering business negotiation: a working guide to making deals and resolving conflict, John Wiley Sons, NY. Northouse, P. 2009, Leadership: Theory and Practice. SAGE, London. Perrin, C., Blauth, C., Apthorp, E. et al., Developing the 21st-century leader: A multi-level analysis of global trends in leadership c hallenges and practices. Web Silkenat, J., Aresty, J. Klosek, J. 2009, The ABA guide to international business negotiations: A comparison of cross-cultural issues and successful approaches. American Bar Association, NY. Tamkin, P. Overell, S. 2009, After the collapse: Post recession leaders and leadership. Provocation Paper 5, The Good Work Commission. Web. Tsay, C. Bazerman, M. 2009, A decision-making perspective to negotiation: A review of the past and a look into the future. Working Paper, Harvard Business School. Web. This essay on Organizational Challenges and the Role of Leadership was written and submitted by user Cody D. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Shakespeare’s Brilliant Use of Symbolism Essays

Shakespeare’s Brilliant Use of Symbolism Essays Shakespeare’s Brilliant Use of Symbolism Paper Shakespeare’s Brilliant Use of Symbolism Paper â€Å"To be or not to be that is the question† (Kittredge, 993). This is one of William Shakespeare’s best known and used quotes. Many who use it do not even know what piece it is taken from, or what exactly it means. It just sounds like a cool, tragic, Shakespearean quote to use to sound more intelligent. And that is the sad truth. Shakespeare’s works are filled with quotes, soliloquies, and experts, like this one, that are filled with innuendos, imagery, word choice, etc. One very important literary technique used by Shakespeare, in all of his works, is his symbolism, which portrayed Shakespeare’s life, time period, and messages he wished to get across to his audience. He also used his symbolism to satirize whomever he wished. Shakespeare’s works would not be complete without his symbolism, which is used throughout all of his works. One example of William Shakespeare’s brilliant use of symbolism can be seen in the play Macbeth. In this play Shakespeare uses symbolism to represent the overall theme of murder. The contrast of light and dark throughout the play symbolizes the good and evil that is being battled. During the time that Macbeth was written the king was associated with the sun. A sunset, then, represented the king’s death or overthrow of his rule in power. When shall we three meet again . . . and That will be ere the set of sun. (Shakespeare, Act I, Scene I, ll 1 and 5), are quotes that symbolize and foreshadow the coming death of the king. They, the witches, shall meet again when the king has been done away with. The contrast and symbolism between light and dark continues throughout the play. Stars, hide your fires; Let not light see my black and deep desires. (Act I, Scene IV, ll 50-51) symbolizes Macbeth’s step towards evil. He does not want anyone or anything to bring to knowledge his dark and evil plans. Another symbolism in the contrast of light and dark is nighttime. Whenever anything bad is occurring, or is about to occur it takes place during the dead of the night in the cover of darkness. The murders, Lady Macbeths sleepwalking, and the appearance of the witches all take place at night. Lady Macbeth’s sleeping walking shows a good contrast of the light and dark symbolism. At first she craved the darkness, but then she became afraid of it and carried a candle with her to drive away the darkness. In the line, She has light by her continually; tis her command. (Act V, Scene I ll 26-27), symbolizes her fear of the evil within the darkness. One very important symbol in Shakespeare’s Macbeth is blood in Duncan’s murder. The bloodshed represents Macbeth’s guilt and shame of the crime he has committed. After killing the king Macbeth says of the blood on his hands, As they had seen me with these hangmans hands. (Act II, Scene II, l 28). Macbeth’s guilt is portrayed after this act in that he refuses to return to the crime scene to smear the blood on the guards, because he thinks that the blood will only show his guilt and incriminate him further. Another way that the reader can tell that Macbeth is extremely uncomfortable and feeling guilty is because he immediately tries to remove the blood from his hands after killing the guards. He is very uncomfortable with the blood being on his hands, incriminating him through his guilt. Opposite of blood being a symbol of guilt, water is a symbol of purification from that guilt. After the murder of Duncan Lady Macbeth assures her husband that, A little water clears us of the deed; (Act II, Scene II, l 67). Throughout the later portion of the play Lady Macbeth repeatedly rubs her hands together, symbolizing her want and need to wash the deed from her hands. She wants to remove the â€Å"spot† physically from her hands and symbolically from her conscience, Out, damned spot! out, I say! . . . (Act V, Scene I, l 39). The water symbolizes the purification of the guilty conscience of Sir and Lady Macbeth. A common object used as symbolism throughout Shakespeare’s works are ghosts. In Hamlet the ghost that he sees is his father. Of course the ghost symbolizes his father’s death, but it also symbolizes that his father has come back for some reason. That reason, Hamlet later finds out is for revenge because his father was murdered. Ghost. â€Å"Revenge his foul and most unnatural murther. † Ham. â€Å"Murther? † Ghost. â€Å"Murther most foul, as in the best it is; But this most foul, strange, and unnatural. † (Act I, Scene V, ll 26-28). The ghost of Hamlet’s father plays a very important role in the play, as throughout the entirety of it Hamlet is trying to seek revenge for his father, which was first brought to his attention by the ghost. Another symbol used in Hamlet is the use of the word â€Å"dream† Throughout the play Hamlet is confronted with death, and his uncertainties as to the conditions of the existence of an afterlife (Rogers, 10). In his â€Å"to be, or not to be† soliloquy Hamlet questions as to whether it is worth it to live or die. He refers to death as some sort of dream that may come. He uses the reference of a dream to death because, as dreams are uncertain and often forgotten after they are through, so is death, although it is a dream that one will never be woken up from whether it be a nightmare or sweet escape. â€Å"To die to sleep No more; and by a sleep to say we end The heartache, and the thousand natural shocks That flesh is heir to. ‘Tis a consummation Devoutly to be wish’d. To die to sleep. To sleep perchance to dream: ay, there’s the rub! For in that sleep of death what dreams may come When we have shuffled off this mortal coil, Must give us pause. There’s the respect That makes calamity of so long life. (Act III, Scene I, ll 56-69). Hamlet’s uncertainty of death is felt throughout this entire soliloquy. Later in it he says, But that the dread of something after death, The undiscover’d country from whose bourn No traveler returns, puzzles the will, And makes us rather bear those ills we have Than fly to others that we know not of? (Act II, Scene I, ll 78-82). In this expert the traveler and the undiscovered country symbolizes someone traveling in death onto the unknown after life. This entire soliloquy symbolizes Hamlet’s uncertainties of death. One other example of symbolism that is used in Hamlet is a serpent. The serpent, which Hamlet’s father’s ghost refers his uncle to, represents the evil and deceit that the uncle used to get the crown. A serpent, many times in literature, represents something that is secretive, evil, and tempting, just as Lucifer, in the form of a serpent was in the garden of Eden. â€Å"Now the serpent was more crafty than any of the wild animals the Lord God had made† (Genesis 3:1). The ghost of Hamlet’s father says of his uncle, ‘Tis given out that, sleeping in my orchard, A serpent stung me. So the whole ear of Denmark Is by a forged process of my death Rankly abus’d. But know, thou noble youth, The serpent that did sting thy father’s life Now wears his crown. (Act I, Scene V, ll 35-39). And just as the serpent tempted Eve in the Garden of Eden, Hamlet’s uncle tempted his mother and very soon after Hamlet’s father’s death they were married. O wicked wit and gifts, that have the power So to seduce! won to his shameful lust The sill of my most seeming-virtuous queen. (Act I, Scene V, ll 44-46). The king had stolen from him by the â€Å" serpent†, â€Å"by a brother’s hand, of life, of crown, of queen† (ll 74-75). In Shakespeare’s Othello there are many different symbols used throughout the play. One of these symbols is sight. Throughout the play Othello bases his beliefs on what he is told and hears, instead of what he sees. Therefore sight symbolizes Othello’s lack of proof with what he sees, but actually does not see. For example, Othello believes Iago when he tells him that Cassio was given the handkerchief he had given Desdemona, by Desdamona herself. Iago. Have you not sometimes seen a handkerchief Spotted with strawberries in your wive’s hand? Oth. I gave her such a one; ‘twas my first gift Iago. I know not that; but such a handkerchief (I am sure it was you wive’s) did I to-day See Cassio wipe his beard with. (Act III, Scene III, ll 435-438). The lack of sight, or blindness is vital to the play, as each character’s confusion bleeds off of one another’s lack of proof. Othello does not see any incriminating actions that Desdemona has committed, and Emilia does not â€Å"figuratively† see what her husband has done with his twisted words and actions. Another symbol in Othello is plants. In many of Iago’s speeches he talks about fruits and plants. What they symbolize is that the characters that Iago is manipulating are plants that are slowly growing more and more twisted, and Iago is the gardener that is making sure that they get more and more twisted and stay that way. Iago. Our bodies are our gardens, to the which our wills are gardeners; so that if we will plant nettles or sow lettuce, set hyssop and weed up thyme, supply it with one gender of herbs or distract it with many either to have it sterile with idleness or manured with industry why, the power and corrigible authority of this lies in our wills. If the balance of our lives had not one scale of reason to poise another of sensuality, the blood and baseness of our natures would conduct us to most prepost’rous conclusions. (Act I, Scene III, ll 323-334). Iago, through jealousy or some other motive, most manipulates Othello: Iago. The Moor already changes with my poison. Dangerous conceits are in their natures poisons Which at the first are scarce found to distaste, But with a little act upon the blood Burn like the mines of sulphur. (Act III, Scene III, ll 325-329). Another symbol used by Iago when he is talking about Othello besides plants is animals. Many times Iago refers to Othello as a Barbary horse, an ass, and an old black ram. These are innuendos Iago uses to make fun of Othello with. It reflects a level of racism that Iago has for Othello. Iago. The Moor is of a free and open nature That thinks men honest that but seem to be so; And will as tenderly be led by th’ nose As asses are. (Act I, Scene III, ll 405-408). Also, when Iago is talking to Brabantio, Desdemona’s father, he refers to Othello: Even now, now, very now, an old black ram Is tupping your white ewe. (Act I, Scene I, ll 88-89). And also: Iago. Zounds, sir, you are one of those that will not serve God if the devil bid you. Because we come to do you service, and you think we are ruffians, you’ll have your daughter cover’d with a Barbary horse; you’ll have your nephews neigh to you; you’ll have coursers for cousins, and gennets for germans I am one, sir, that come to tell you your daughter and the Moor are now making the beast with two backs. (Act I, Scene I, ll 109-118). One very important symbol in Othello is the handkerchief. It symbolizes different things for each character. For Desdemona, the handkerchief was the first love gift that Othello ever gave her, therefore it symbolizes Othello’s love. However, Iago manipulates the meaning of the handkerchief by making Othello see it as a symbol for Desdemona herself. By doing this, when the handkerchief goes missing Othello takes it as Desdemona is also missing from his bed and is in someone else’s. Oth. That handkerchief Did an Egyptian to my mother give. She was a charmer, and could almost read The thoughts of people. She tole her, while she kept it, ‘Twould make her amiable and subdue my father Entirely to her love, but if she lost it Or made a gift of it, my father’s eye Should hold her loathly, and his spirits should hunt after new fancies. (Act II, Scene IV, ll 55-63). The handkerchief itself symbolizes what Othello’s mother used to keep his father faithful to her. The handkerchief is supposedly made from silk of sacred worms and is dyed with extracted blood from the hearts of mummified virgins. The pattern of strawberries on the handkerchief on the white background suggests that the bloodstains left on the sheets on a virgin’s wedding night, therefore the handkerchief suggests a guarantee of virginity as well as fidelity (Crowther, 47). Another, more subtle symbol is the song that Desdemona sing in act five as she is preparing for bed. The song is about a woman who is betrayed by her lover. She was taught the song by her mother’s maid, who suffered the same misfortune as the woman in the song. The lyrics of the song suggest that both men and women are unfaithful to one another. To Desdemona, this song appears to represent a sad and resigned acceptance of her alienation from Othello’s affections, and singing it leads her to question Emilia about the nature and practice of infidelity. Des. My mother had a maid call’d Barbary. She was in love; and he she lov’d prov’d mad And did forsake her. She had a song of ‘Willow. ’ An old thing ‘twas; but it express’d her fortune, And she died singing it. That song to-night Will not go from my mind. I have much to do But to go hang my head all at one side And sing it like poor Barbary. (Act IV, Scene III, ll 26-32). Another work of Shakespeare’s that contains symbolism is Romeo and Juliet. One main symbol in this play is poison. When Friar Lawrence first appears he remarks that every plant, herb, and stone has its own special properties, and that nothing exists in nature that cannot be put to both good and bad uses. Therefore, poison is not automatically evil, but when put to bad use, it becomes evil in the hands of humans. In plants, herbs, stones, and their true qualities; For naught so vile that on the earth doth live But to the earth some special good doth give; Nor aught so good but, strain’d from that fair use, Revolts from true birth, stumbling on abuse. Virtue itself turns vice, being misapplied, And vice sometime’s by action dignified. Within the infant rind of this small flower Poison hath residence, and medicine power; For this, being smelt, with that part cheers each part; Being tasted, slays all senses with the heart. Two such opposed kings encamp them still In man as well as herbs grace and rude will; And where the worser is predominant. Full soon the canker death eats up that plant. (Act II, Scene IV, ll16-30). The sleeping potion that the friar gives Juliet makes her appear dead after she inhales it, however, when Romeo sees Juliet, thinking she is dead, he drinks the poison and is killed. Poison symbolizes society’s tendency to poison good things and make them fatal, just as the Capulet-Montague feud sours Romeo and Juliet’s love into poison. Another use of symbolism in Romeo and Juliet is thumb-biting. This gesture begins a brawl between the Montagues and Capulets. Samson, by flicking his thumbnail from behind his teeth, he shows an insulting gesture, which offends the other party. It is really actually a very juvenile action, and he does it because he wants to interrogate and get into a fight with the Montagues, but at the same time doesn’t want to be accused of starting the fight. Greg. I will frown as I pass by, and let them take it as they list Samp. Nay, as they dare. I will bite my thumb at them; which is a disgrace to them, if they bear it. Abr. Do you bite your thumb at us, sir? Samp. I so bite my thumb, sir. Abr. Do you bite your thumb at us, sir? Samp. [aside to Gregory] Is the law of our side if I say ay? Greg. [aside to Sampson] No. Samp. No, sir, I do not bite my thumb at you, sir, but I bite my thumb, sir. (Act I, Scene I, ll 46-58). Because Sampson is being timid, he wants to be annoying, but not challenging. The thumb-biting seems to be a rather meaningless gesture, and represents the entire foolishness of the entire Montague-Capulet feud, and also the stupidity of violence in general. One other symbol in Romeo and Juliet is Queen Mab. In the first act Mercutio delivers a speech about the fairy Queen Mab, who rides through the night on her tiny wagon delivering dreams to sleepers. The story says that she doesn’t generally bring the best dreams, but instead shows the dreamer dreams of vices that they are addicted to. An example would be greed, violence, and lust. Queen Mab does not only represent and symbolize the dreams of sleepers, but she also symbolizes the power of waking fantasies, daydreams, and even desires. Through the imagery of the story Mercutio paints suggests that all desires and fantasies are as nonsensical and fragile as Mab, and that they are also basically corrupting. This point of view greatly contrasts with that of Romeo and Juliet, who see their love as something real and ennobling. O, then I see Queen Mab hath been with you. She is the fairies’ midwife, and she comes In shape no bigger than an agate stone And in this state she gallops night by night Through lovers’ brains, and then they dream of love; O’er courtiers’ knees, that dream on cursies straight; O’er lawyers’ fingers, who straight dream on fees; O’er ladies lips, who straight on kisses dream, Which oft the angry Mab with blisters plagues, Because their breaths with sweetmeats tainted are. Sometimes she gallops o’er a courtier’s nose, And then dreams he of smelling out a suit; And sometime comes she with a tithe-pig’s tail Tickling a parson’s nose as a’ lies asleep, Then dreams he of another benefice. Sometime she driveth o’er a soldier’s neck, And the dreams he of cutting foreign throuats, Of breaches, ambuscadoes, Spanish blades, Of healths five fadom deep; and then anon Drums in his ear, at which he starts and wakes, And being thus frighted, swears a prayer or two And sleeps again. This is that very Mab That plats the manes of horses in the night And bakes the elflocks in foul sluttish hairs, Which once untangled much misfortune bodes. This is the hag, when maids lie on their backs, That presses them and learns them first to bear, Making them women of good carriage. This is she (Act I, Scene IV, ll 53-54 and ll 70-94). The symbolism described in this paper from William Shakespeare’s plays Macbeth, Hamlet, Othello, and Romeo and Juliet are just examples of how Shakespeare uses symbolism throughout his works. While other literary techniques, such as imagery and diction, play an important role in Shakespeare’s works, symbolism plays just as great, if not a greater role in his pieces. Many times the symbols that Shakespeare used carried a theme throughout the entire work, and also, many times served as foreshadowing. Shakespeare’s life, time period in which he lived, messages he wished to portray to his audience, and people he wished to satirize all were sources in which Shakespeare derived his symbolism in his works from. Aronson, Alex. Psyche and Symbol in Shakespeare. Bloomington, London: Indiana University Press, 1972. Arthos, John. Shakespeare’s Use of Dream and Vision. Totowa, New Jeresey: Rowman and Littlefield, 1977. Faber, M. D. The Design Within, Psychoanalytic Approaches to Shakespeare. New York: Science House, 1970. The Holy Bible, Revised New International Version. Grand Rapids, Michigan: Zondervan Publishing House, 1994. Kittredge, George Lyman. Sixteen Plays of Shakespeare. Boston; New York; Chicago; Atlanta; Dallas; Columbus; San Francisco; Toronto; London: Ginn and Company, 1946 Ludowyk, E. F. C. Understanding Shakespeare. Cambridge: At The University Press, 1964. May, Robin. Who was Shakespeare? The Man The Times The Works. New York: St. Martin’s, 1974. Matthews, Honor. Character Symbol in Shakespeare’s Plays. Cambridge: At the University Press, 1962. Rowse, A. L. Shakespeare the Man. New York; Evanston; San Francisco; London: Harper Row, Publishers, 1973. Rogers, L. W. The Ghosts In Shakespeare. Wheaton, Illinois: The Theosophical Press, 1966.

Aircraft Warfare in WWI

Aircraft Warfare in WWI During the first World War,  the industrialization of the aircraft industry became entrenched as a vital piece of the modern war machine. Although it was just shy of two decades after the first airplane  was flown in the United States in 1903, by the time the WWI broke out, the military already had plans for these new means of warfare. In the years leading up to World War One, military aviation was sponsored by powerful people in government and business, and by 1909 both France and Germany had military air branches with a focus on reconnaissance and bombing. During the war, the belligerents quickly took to the air to gain an advantage. Pilots were initially sent up on missions to photograph enemy bases and troop movements so war strategists could plan their next moves, but as pilots began shooting at one another, the idea of aerial combat emerged as a new means of warfare that would someday evolve into the drone-strike technology we have today. The Invention of Aerial Combat The biggest leap forward in early aerial combat came when Frenchman Roland Garros attached a machine gun to his plane, making an attempt to synchronize with the propeller and use metal bands to deflect bullets from this vital piece of machinery. After a brief period of aerial dominance, Garros crashed and the Germans were able to study his craft. Dutchman Anthony Fokker, who was working for the Germans, then created interrupter gear to allow a machine gun to be safely shot and miss the propeller. Fierce aerial combat with dedicated fighter planes then followed. The cult of the air ace and their tally of kills was close behind; it was used by British, French, and German media to inspire their nations and none were more famous than Manfred von Richthofen, better known as the Red Baron  because of the color of his plane. Plane technology, pilot training, and aerial combat techniques all developed rapidly during the first parts of World War One, with advantage switching back and forth with each new development. Battle formation developed by around 1918, when there could be more than a hundred planes all working on the same attack plan. The Effects of the War Training was just as deadly as flying; over half of the Royal Flying Corps casualties occurred in training and, as a result, the air arm had become a recognized and highly distinguished part of the military. However, neither side ever achieved total air superiority for very long though the Germans briefly managed to cover their small base at  Verdun  in 1916 with a dominant air cover. By 1918, aerial warfare had become so important that there were thousands of planes crewed and supported by hundreds of thousands of people, all produced by a massive industry. Despite the belief- then and now- that this war was fought by individuals daring to fly for either side, aerial warfare was really one of attrition instead of victory. The effect of aircraft on the outcome of the war was indirect. They didn’t achieve victories but were invaluable in supporting infantry and artillery. Despite the evidence to the contrary, people left the war assuming that the aerial bombardment of civilians could destroy morale and end a war sooner. The German bombing of Britain- via zeppelin in 1915- failed to have any effect and the war continued anyway. Still, this belief persisted into WWII where both sides terror-bombed civilians in order to try to force a surrender.

Strategic Plan,Conceptualizing a Business Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Strategic Plan,Conceptualizing a Business - Essay Example It has the ability for catering of services for both females and males in the area. To ensure that clients get quality services and products; to enhance their mental relaxation and improve on their physical appearance. Being a reputable salon; that offers quality products and services at fair prices (Hormozi et al., 2002). Disney has been a leading hair stylist in the city has worked with major beauty â€Å"spas† that deals with top models and wealthy clienteles. Through the three years of experience in upscale salons Disney has been able to create a reputable name in the beauty stylish industry with a strong base of clienteles. Working with her fellow beauticians; Disney is most destined to build this business enterprise a successful undertaking. Forming from this reputation already earned this company tends to attract more clients and continue the growth of the company. Our business company is located in one of Greensted busy streets which is easily accessible to any person, thus our clienteles won’t find difficulty locating us. The environment is conducive with enough space that ensures the clients receive professional services and recreation. Our business provides quite a variety of products and services all under one roof, and we are flexible in the working hours to suit our customers’ needs. The high reputation of our staff and the owner of being able to offer quality services to suit each customer needs will earn us more new clients and strengthen the relationship with our current clients (Karlsson & Honig, 2009). The company will provide services that cater needs of the whole family setting; that are convenient to children, women and men. These diverse services are: 1) Hair services: shampoo, weaving and waving, colors, haircuts, conditioners, relaxers, curling, perms and reconstructing; 2) Skin care services: facials, massage, and body waxing. 3) Nails Services: polish, manicures,

Generate and evaluate options Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Generate and evaluate options - Research Paper Example The responsibility of deciding corporate level strategies rests on the top management. The divisional or middle level managers generally decide the business level strategies. The detailed tactics to achieve specific goals in the domain of marketing, finance, operations and HR are determined by the functional managers. Strategy A: This strategy should be pursued since the goal will be achieved with minimal capital investment. BCE’s existing 4G LTE penetration is 96 percent and a 2 percent increase is easily achievable. Furthermore, the 5 percent increase in ARPU will lead to long term profitability and growth of the company. The SMART (specific, measurable, achievable, related and time bound) KPIs enable the easy implementation and evaluation of strategies. These KPIs also provide direction and timeline to the managers to carry out the assigned tasks. The KPIs that have to be achieved by the end of 2014 will be broken down into monthly targets. Meanwhile, the KPIs that have to be achieved in the long run will be evaluated on a quarterly

Newspaper article to evaluate Essay Example for Free

Newspaper article to evaluate Essay Newspaper article to evaluate and review the purpose of faith schools in multi-faith and multicultural Britain. Faith schools in Britain are schools that teach general national curriculums but using religious principles and aims within their teaching. The extremities of these principles vary between different faiths and different schools. The term â€Å"faith schools† was first used in 1990 when Muslim institutes demanded for more freedom within education. There is approximately 7000 faith schools in Britain, almost a third of all state funded schools with around one and quarter million pupils but many ask if there is any need for such a large number of faith schools in a society that is becoming more secular. In 2006, 197 faith schools made up the 209 primary schools in the UK that achieved â€Å"perfect† results in that year’s league tables. All students reached the expected standard for 11 year olds in English, maths and science. The best school in the tables was North Cheshire Jewish primary school which offers â€Å"a traditional Jewish education†. The most improved school was St Anne’s Roman Catholic primary school whose results tripled within three years. Some would say that faith schools create a â€Å"social sorting† of children according to class, ability, religion and academics. This could be backed up by the fact that faith schools achieve higher exam results on average in the UK. However, the pupils who attend the secondary faith schools who have been to high-achieving primary schools appear to be from more well-off families. As well as this, according to a report for the Government, faith schools only achieve better results as they select the best pupils, not because of their religious ethos thus raising the question in whether if there is a need for faith schools. The Politics Show South has surveyed all the secondary schools in the region and found that 72% of pupils at the regions faith schools got five good GCSE results, as against a national average of 53. 7% getting five good GCSE results. Four out of five faith schools in the South beat the national average. A parent at the Islamia Primary School in Queens Park, North London, also sees cultural advantages for her children in faith schools. I wanted them to have a sense of pride as a Muslim but also to be following the English curriculum so that they could hopefully continue on to university and mix with everyone else. â€Å"But at the same time theyd know about Islam from a Muslim and not a Christian point of view. † As well as result statistics, faith schools are also keen on imposing discipline and teaching ethics to students. Some say that â€Å"the force of their religion and faith and the ethos of how to become a good citizen will be there all the time. † This means that students who study at these faith schools may have difficulty indulging in a crime or hating people or doing something which is not like their religious ethos. However a lot of people would agree that the rise of multi faith schools within the country would actually produce more secular societies as the rise in numbers and funding of one particular faith for schools could lead to unsettlement from other faiths. Also, single faith schools can also leave children unequipped to deal with life in mainstream Britain as only select things are taught within single faith schools. Director of National Secular society said: If they are moving from restricted communities into a single faith school, they have very little contact with those from the majority community. And then suddenly, when they are 16 they come out into the majority community for the first time and into the workplace. Im worried about the implications of that.

Politics Essay -- essays research papers

An essay on politics In this essay I will consider the social, economic factors of politics. At first glance politics may seem unenchanting, however its study is a necessity for any one wishing to intellectually advance beyond their childhood. Remarkably politics is heralded by shopkeepers and investment bankers alike, leading many to state that it is yet to receive proper recognition for laying the foundations of democracy. It still has the power to shock those politicaly minded individuals living in the past, trapped by their infamous history. Complex though it is I shall now attempt to provide an exaustive report on politics and its numerous 'industries'. Social Factors Comparisons between Roman Society and Medieval Society give a clear picture of the importance of politics to developments in social conduct. I will not insult the readers inteligence by explaining this obvious comparison any further. Back when Vealinger reamarked ‘the power struggle will continue while the great tale of humanity remains untold’ [1] he created a monster which society has been attempting to tame ever since. While the western world use a knife and fork, the Chinese use chopsticks. Of course politics is quite good. When one is faced with people of today a central theme emerges - politics is either adored or despised, it leaves no one undecided. To put it simply, people like politics. Economic Factors The dictionary defines economics as 'the social science concerned with the productio...

A Speech of Health Essay

Hello students, faculty, members of the school board, Superintendent, and parents. When I was first told that I was going to be the speaker for graduation, I was overcome. I was overcome with pride and excitement, as I’m sure we all are today as we close this chapter on our lives, but most of all, I was overcome with a feeling. A feeling that I have fooled you all into electing a Canadian to speak on this very important occasion. (Canadian Accent) I bet about now, you are all finally realizing just what it is you’ve done, eh? But it’s too late, eh? I can’t be stopped†¦. (Drape Canadian flag over top of podium) The rich history of Canada is a very long and interesting one. One that begins in the early years of. †¦ (Trail off and give a moment of thought)† **remove flag† or better yet have someone do it for you. ) Seriously though, after I got over my initial reaction, I realized that this was going to be a very difficult undertaking. So I did what any teen-age boy would do in a similar situation. I turn to my friends! see more:welcome speech for sports day I received two pieces of advice that not only helped me with the situation at hand, but I feel will be the predominant source of motivation for the next big step in my life and everything that follows thereafter. These two pieces of advice were. (Hold up palms with numbers inked on them) No. 1: Don’t Screw up! No. 2: Be Funny! Obviously after these two gems of advice, I was prepared to write a stunning and powerful speech that will remain with every one of us till the day we die. Or at least until one of the real speakers come up here and says something meaningful. It’s hard to believe that we’ll all be leaving this place finally. It is even harder to believe that from now on, we’re going to pretty much have to fend for ourselves. I think that whether we know it or not, we’ve gained a lot of the tools that we’ll need to make it out there, right here at Welch. Personally, I’ve learned some of the most important messages of my life within these hallowed halls. I’ve learned that it’s important to walk the road less traveled, because after a while, running down freshman in the packed hallways just loses some of its appeal. I’ve learned that no matter how good an idea may seem at the time, sometimes a giant metal dollar sundial that never sees the sun, could possibly be a bad idea! I’ve learned the importance of sticking strong to your ideals and not giving in to peer pressure, because we have to be ourselves, we have to think with our own mind! (look over at Mr.  Quinn) Is that good Quinn? Is, is that all right? Oh, ok. And no matter who’s doing it! Dammit! We will NOT CHEER! Finally, and probably most importantly, from the ever vigilant and all knowing administration, I’ve learned that a girl’s belly button is a dangerous and powerful thing that should be covered, feared, contained, kept from the world, for the good of all people everywhere. If you are able to decipher any sort of message out of what I’m saying today at all, it should be that life shouldn’t be taken so seriously. When we’re all off in college, or working at our jobs, or still living off of our parents, and we look back on our lives here at E-W, we’re not going to remember the tests we aced, or the classes we took, or the endless nights in front of a computer screen. But instead we’re going to remember the good times we had, the parties, the laughs we shared, but most of all, we’ll remember the people we knew. I was once told that you’re only as good as the people that you surround yourself with. Well, there is not a higher caliber of people that I would rather surround myself with then you all sitting in front of me today. I am proud to say that I was a part of the Welch Class of 2006. Don’t ever forget where you came from, and always remember all of the great and unique people that you shared your four years with, and when we all come back and see each other again for our 20-year reunion, there are going to be all sorts of surprises. By that time Charlie Guo will probably be ruling the world with an iron fist, Katherine Piercy will be the new reigning arm wrestling champion of the world. Jon Goodwin will have his very own morning talk show called â€Å"Wake up with a cup of Jon†, Kamiya Woodard will be the new host of â€Å"The Weakest Link† and rename it â€Å"Man! You don’t know what you talking about! † Eunice Song will be†¦ well, let’s be honest, there really isn’t much hope for Eunice, (turn to Eunice) Eunice I guess you should have just tried a little harder. The entire cheerleading squad will find a permanent role on the â€Å"Young and The Restless†, when the director is surprised to find that intense daytime drama comes surprisingly easy to them. Finally, as I’ve been saying for four years now, we’ll all be shaking the hand of our President of the United States†¦. Steve Brown. If you don’t remember a single word of what I’ve said up here today, just remember this: Jobs, houses, money, and success will all come and go, but the one thing that nobody can ever take away from you are the good times and good friends you have had here at E-W. So in closing, I only have one more thing to say, on request from Blair Hanberg, I leave you all with â€Å"MEOW! â€Å"

Employers’ Decision-Making based on Heuristics Essay

Employers in the United States, especially for those in the East coast or in the southern states, usually have a common way of judging their applicants based on some valuable attributes.   In this case, the applicant is a Hispanic Woman which seems to be enough to affect the employer’s decision.    Why?   Objectively speaking, it is because of her race, her possible place of origin and its â€Å"social implications†.   Such racial bias in employer decision-making can be deconstructed into a number of heuristic aspects discussed in class.   As a disclaimer, this paper strives to be objective and non-racist.   It contains only fair or probable assumptions on the possible thought patterns of employers, which are not absolute and may be proven false. Representativeness A Hispanic (Latina), even with a Master’s Degree, will not escape a social stigma perpetrated by a widespread social awareness indirectly attributed to President Bush’s policy against illegal immigrants.   The context here is based on tough U.S. actions against border crossings from Mexico to America.   American Border Guards are used to apprehending Latinos in flight, which is very much portrayed in the movie Babel (2006). Due to the significant number of illegal cross border cases by Hispanics, our Latina applicant will be viewed as such, based on some of her physical attributes (skin color, hair, and accent).   An employer who is minimally trained in psychology will surely make the mistake of considering a Latina applicant as one of those people who illegally crossed the Mexican border into the U.S. sometime in the past.   Moreover, what will influence the employer’s decision not to accept her is the U.S. Government’s penalty against those who harbor illegal aliens due to a number of government-declared risks: terrorism, smuggling, human trafficking etc. Availability The employer’s bias against the Latina can be analyzed in terms of the availability of past memories regarding the hiring of Hispanic Americans.   This employer may have experienced the assumed disadvantages of hiring Hispanics in the past.   He/she may have hired someone like her in the past year, but was not very satisfied with her performance due to a number of assumed complications like, say, she goes home to Mexico everyday thereby crossing the border.   This context is very much related to employers situated in New Mexico where a large bulk of the labor force actually reside in Mexico, and cross the border every day to show up for work. The employer may wish to avoid such â€Å"border-crossing† complications in the payroll so as not to arouse suspicion to the immigration authorities about keeping an alien in the company’s workforce.   The Human Resources Department may have collected a lot of business intelligence in the past years about a significant number of other employers hiring Hispanic Americans and the disadvantages they caused to their companies (an assumption only). If the disadvantages of a Hispanic workforce become frequent, it will naturally affect the availability of not so good memories about hiring them.   Assuming that Hispanic Women have this mean behaviour, the employer finds it hard to avoid regressing to this statistical mean behavior.   S/he may be thinking about the odds that this Latina woman will be so different from the rest.   Of course, these ideas may be far fetched, but their existence in the minds of biased employers is not impossible. Attribution and Anchoring/Adjustment The abovementioned idea assumptions on availability lead to the framework of the attribution heuristic.   The employer, through availability and representativeness, may have created his/her built-in logic on hiring: Hispanic Americans may cause immigration problems, therefore company trouble.   This self-made logic can spread to the whole Human Resources Department, especially in this case that the other manager may call the shots.    Human Resources may tend to raise its standards or benchmarks for them, thus becoming racist in its employment policy.   The whole concept of benchmarking and adjusting it for specific behaviors is the meat of anchoring and adjustment.   Assuming that employers have built the bias based on the above heuristics, they possibly could have preferences over other races (whites, Chinese, etc.) such that they lower the benchmark for the other applicants except Hispanics.   This idea is supported by the fact that our Hispanic applicant has a Master’s Degree in Marketing and is still deemed â€Å"unfit†, even with a higher educational attainment. Conclusions It is no wonder that most reputable companies fill their Human Resources Department with people who have an objective awareness of human behavior across various origins and cultures.   Recruitment committees are ideally made up of psychology graduates or behavioral science majors so they can objectively asses the fitness of applicants while limiting the determining factors of racial, socio-political, economic bias.   Also, the employers’ decisions should be affected by a sense of long term integrity of the company by building the best mix of workforce from different races and origins, without biases and the mistake of overgeneralization. Reference: [no author]. (1997). Heuristic. Retrieved January 28, 2008, from http://www.sfb504.uni-mannheim.de/glossary/heurist.htm. Baron, J. (2000). The Effects of Overgeneralization on Public Policy. Retrieved January 28, 2008, from http://www.sas.upenn.edu/~baron/overgen.pdf. Chapman, G. B. (2000). Incorporating the Irrelevant: Anchors in Judgments of Belief and Value. Retrieved January 28, 2008, from http://heuristics.behaviouralfinance.net/anchoring/ChJo00.pdf. Hilgard, E. R. (2001). Introduction to Psychology. New York : Harcourt Brace Jovanovich.